The Wright Brothers

Wilbur Wright born to Reverend Milton Wright and Susan Catherine Koerner Wright near Milville, Indiana. He is their third child; his older siblings are Reuchlin (b. 1861) and Lorin (b. 1862).

1869

Spring

Wright family moves to Dayton, Ohio.

1871

August 19

Orville Wright born.

1874

August 19

Wilbur and Orville’s sister, Katharine Wright, born.

1878

Upon his return from a church business trip, Bishop Milton Wright brings home a toy Penaud helicopter. The toy inspires Wilbur and Orville’s first interest in flight.

1881

June

Wright family moves to Richmond, Indiana, where Orville takes up kite-building.

1884

June

Wright family returns to Dayton.

— Wilbur completes high school.

1885

September

Wilbur takes special “postgraduate” courses at Dayton Central High School and studies Greek and trigonometry.

1886

With his friend Ed Sines, Orville starts The Midget, a school newspaper, with a press given to him by his brothers and type from his father.

**
1887**

September

Orville starts Dayton Central High School.

**
1889**

March 1

Orville begins to publish the weekly West Side News. Editor and publisher, he maintains an active interest in printing and publishing for several years.

July 4

Wilbur and Orville’s mother, Susan Catherine Koerner Wright, dies at age 58.

1890

April 30

Orville and Wilbur turn West Side News into an evening newspaper, The Evening Item, although publication ceases in August.

September
Orville begins final year of high school as a special student in Latin. Leaves school before graduation.
December 13
Paul Laurence Dunbar starts the Tatler, printed by his classmate, Orville Wright.

1892

December

Orville and Wilbur open a bicycle shop, the Wright Cycle Company. They remain in the bicycle manufacturing and repair business until 1907. The business gives them the funds necessary to carry out their early aeronautical experiments.

**
1893**

Wilbur and Orville attend World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago where the aeronautical exhibit draws their interest.

1894

October 20

Wilbur and Orville start a weekly magazine, Snap Shots.

**
1895**

Orville invents a calculating machine that multiplies and adds.

1896

Wright brothers begin to manufacture their own brand of bicycles– first the Van Cleve and the “Wright Special,” and later the less expensive St. Clair.

August-October
Orville seriously ill with typhoid fever.
August 10
Otto Lilienthal, German engineer and aeronautical pioneer, dies from injuries suffered in a crash while testing his latest single-surface glider. The tragedy renews the Wright brothers’ interest in Lilienthal and the problem of human flight.

**
1897-1898**

While running their bicycle business, Wilbur and Orville study the problems of mechanical and human flight. After reading extensively and studying bird flight and Lilienthal’s work, the brothers are convinced that human flight is possible and decide to conduct some experiments of their own.

1899

May 30

Wilbur writes Smithsonian Institution inquiring about publications on aeronautical subjects.

July-August
Brothers build and Wilbur flies a biplane kite in order to test the “wing-warping” method of controlling a flying machine. This experiment encourages the Wrights to proceed with constructing a flying machine with a pilot.
November 27
Brothers write the U.S. Weather Bureau for information on an appropriate place to conduct flying experiments.

1900

May 13

Wilbur writes to Octave Chanute, a civil engineer and aeronautical pioneer. Correspondence begins an important friendship lasting until Chanute’s death in 1910.

September 6
Wilbur leaves for Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Orville arrives later and they stay with William J. Tate until their camp is ready in early October.
October
Wrights begin their experiments, flying their glider as a kite and as a man-carrying glider. About a dozen free flights are made although total time in the air is only about two minutes. They stay until October 23.

1901

June 26

Octave Chanute meets the Wrights for the first time in Dayton.

July
Wilbur’s articles, “Angle of Incidence,” published in Aeronautical Journal, and “Die Wagerechte Lage Wahrend des Gleitfluges,” published in Ilustrierte Aeronautische Mitteilungen, are the brothers’ first published aeronautical writings.
July 10
Wrights arrive in Kitty Hawk and begin experiments with a larger glider. From fifty to one hundred flights are made in July and August, ranging in distance from twenty to almost four hundred feet.

August 4-11
Chanute visits the Wrights at Kill Devil Hill and witnesses some of their glider experiments.
August 20
Wrights leave Kitty Hawk.
September 18
Wilbur addresses the Western Society of Engineers on the brothers’ 1900-01 gliding experiments.
October -December
Wrights conduct tests on airfoils and build a wind tunnel.

1902
August 28
Wilbur and Orville arrive at their Kitty Hawk camp.
September 8-19
Wrights assemble their new glider.
September 19 -October 24
Wright brothers make between seven hundred and one thousand glides and increase their distance to 622 1/2 feet.
October 28
Wrights leave Kitty Hawk.
December
Wrights conduct experiments with propellers and begin to build their 1903 four-cylinder engine.

1903
March 23
Wright brothers apply for a patent on their flying machine (patent issued May 22, 1906).
September 25
Wilbur and Orville arrive at Kitty Hawk.
September 28 -November 12
Wrights experiment with 1902 glider.
October 9 -November 4
Brothers assemble the 1903 machine and install the engine.
November 5 -December 9
Propeller shafts break twice and brothers return to Dayton to repair them and obtain replacements.
December 14
Wilbur makes the first, but unsuccessful, attempt to fly a powered machine from slope of Big Kill Devil Hill. Machine stalls after 31/2 seconds in the air and lands 105 feet below.

December 17
Wilbur and Orville make the first free, controlled, and sustained flights in a power-driven, heavier-than-air machine. Three men from the Kill Devil Life Saving Station and two from Nags Head witness the four trial flights. First trial is made by Orville at 10:35 A.M., stays twelve seconds in the air, and flies 120 feet. John T. Daniels photographs the first flight with Orville’s camera. Wilbur makes the longest flight in the fourth trial, fifty-nine seconds in the air and 852 feet.
December 21
Wrights leave Kitty Hawk.

1904
January 22
Wrights employ Harry A. Toulmin, a patent attorney, to work on their patent case.
March
Wrights apply for French and German patents on their airplane.
April-May
At Huffman Prairie, a large meadow near Dayton, Wilbur and Orville build a new heavier and stronger machine with a more powerful motor.
May-December
Wrights make practice flights with their new 1904 machine at Huffman Prairie–total flying time is forty-nine minutes. Wilbur makes the first turn in the air on September 15 and the first complete circle on September 20. Longest flight of the year is five minutes four seconds, 23/4 miles–almost four circles around the field.

1905
January
U.S. Board of Ordnance and Fortification rejects the Wrights’ offer of sale of their airplane.
June
Wright brothers finish work on a 1905 machine and begin making flights in it at Huffman Prairie.
October 5
Wilbur makes the longest flight of the year: 24 1/5 miles in 39 minutes, 23 4/5 seconds, more than twenty-nine times around the field, at an average speed of thirty-eight miles per hour.
October 27
U.S. Board of Ordnance and Fortification declines the Wrights’ second offer of their airplane.

1906
January 6
Wrights join the Aero Club of America.
May 22
U.S. Patent Office grants the Wrights patent, No. 821,393, for a flying machine.

1907
Brothers travel to Europe to negotiate for the sale of the Wright airplane abroad. Hart O. Berg and Flint & Company are their agents.
November-December
Wilbur meets with officials from U.S. Signal Corps and Board of Ordnance to discuss their airplane’s capabilities.
December 23
U.S. Signal Corps advertises for bids for a military heavier-than-air flying machine to be submitted by February 1.

1908
January 27
Wrights submit their bid to U.S. Signal Corps to supply a heavier-than-air flying machine, weighing between 1,100 and 1,250 pounds, carrying two passengers, and flying at a speed of forty miles per hour.
February 8
Wrights’ bid to furnish a flying machine to U.S. War Department for $25,000 is accepted.
April 9
Wilbur and Orville arrive in Kitty Hawk to brush up on their flying skills.
May 14
Wrights carry a passenger on a flight for the first time: Charles W. Furnas flies with Wilbur.
May 29
Wilbur arrives in Paris to demonstrate the capabilities of the Wright airplane in Europe.
August 8
Wilbur makes his first flight at Le Mans, France–the Wrights’ first flight in Europe.
August 27
Wright 1908 airplane is assembled and ready for testing at Fort Meyer, Virginia.
September
Orville makes U.S. Army test flights at Fort Meyer and establishes records with and without passengers.
September 17
Orville is seriously injured and his passenger, Lt. Thomas Selfridge, is killed in an airplane crash at Fort Meyer. Airplane crashes to the ground from a height of about seventy-five feet after a propeller blade breaks and the machine goes out of control. Selfridge is the first airplane fatality.
November 1
Orville and sister Katharine arrive in Dayton after his discharge from the hospital in Fort Meyer.
November 30
La Compagnie Générale de Navigation Aérienne, the French Wright company, organized.
December 31
Wilbur wins 1908 Michelin Cup and a prize of twenty thousand francs with his flight of 123 kilometers, two hundred meters in two hours, 18 minutes, 33 3/5 seconds. He extends this same flight to break a new world record in a time of two hours, 20 minutes, 23 1/5 seconds over 124 kilometers, 700 meters.

1909
January 12
Orville and Katharine join Wilbur in Paris.
January 14
Wilbur arrives at Pau, France. Orville and Katharine join him a few days later.
February -March
Wilbur makes a series of training flights with three French student pilots at Pau.
March 4
Congressional Medal is awarded to the Wrights by resolution of Congress (H.J. Resolution 246), “in recognition of the great service of Orville and Wilbur Wright, of Ohio, rendered the science of aerial navigation in the invention of the Wright aeroplane, and for their ability, courage, and success in navigating the air.” Medal is presented to the brothers on June 18.
April 1
Wilbur arrives in Rome to make demonstration flights and train two Italian pilots. Orville and Katharine arrive April 9.
May 11
Wrights arrive in New York.
May 13
Flugmaschine Wright Gesellschaft, the German Wright company in Berlin, is formed.
June
Wrights perform propeller tests in Dayton to determine cause of the Fort Meyer accident in order to prevent similar future accidents.
June 17-18
Two-day celebration thrown by the city of Dayton to honor the Wright brothers.
June 20
Wilbur and Orville arrive in Washington, D.C. to resume trial flights at Fort Meyer for U.S. government.
June 26
Glenn H. Curtiss sells his Curtiss airplane, the first commercial sale of an airplane in the United States, to Aeronautic Society of New York for $7,500. Sale sets in motion the beginning of the Wrights’ patent suit against Curtiss.
July 27
With Lt. Frank P. Lahm as his passenger, Orville flies for one hour, 12 minutes, 37 4/5 seconds. Flight fulfills the Army’s requirements and is witnessed by President Taft, his cabinet, and other public officials as well as an estimated crowd of ten thousand spectators at Fort Meyer.
August 8
Orville and Katharine leave for Europe for demonstration flights and sales negotiations in Germany.
August 18
Wrights begin a patent suit against Herring-Curtiss Company and Glenn H. Curtiss by filing a bill of complaint to prevent them from manufacturing, selling, or using in exhibition the Curtiss airplane.
August 19
Wrights file suit against Aeronautic Society of New York to prevent further exhibition and use of the Curtiss airplane owned by the society because it infringes on Wright patents.
October 4
As part of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Wilbur flies round-trip demonstration flights from Governors Island, New York, to the Statue of Liberty and Grant’s Tomb, New York City. More than one million spectators present.
October 8 -November 2
At College Park, Maryland, Wilbur trains first U.S. Army fliers
November 22
Wright Company, formed to manufacture their airplanes, is incorporated; Wilbur serves as president and Orville as vice president. A few days later, Wrights sell their American patent rights to the company for $100,000, 40 percent of the company stock and a 10 percent royalty for every airplane built.
November-December
Wright Company moves forward on patent lawsuits. Wilbur and Orville give affidavits and attend trial for The Wright Company v. Herring-Curtiss Company and Glenn H. Curtiss patent suit.

1910
January
Wright Company and Wright brothers continue their involvement in patent suits.
March
Wright Exhibition Company formed, with Roy Knabenshue as manager.
March 26-May 5
Orville conducts flight training school in Montgomery, Alabama, for pilots who will fly for Wright Exhibition Company.
June 13-18
Wright Exhibition Company team flies in its first show in Indianapolis, Indiana.
November
Orville travels to Europe to find both the German and French Wright companies struggling financially.
1911

March 12

Wilbur leaves for Europe to testify in a French Wright patent suit in Paris and to train pilots in Germany.

**
1912**
January-April
Wilbur and Orville testify for patent infringement lawsuits.
May 30
Wilbur dies of typhoid fever in Dayton.

1913
February 10
Orville and Katharine leave for Europe on business and return March 19.
March 25-27
Miami River floods and causes considerable damage to the Wright family home and property in Dayton. Wrights’ collection of glass plate photographic negatives as well as early business and aviation records are damaged.

1914
January 13
U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals of New York rules in favor of the Wright Company in its suit against Herring-Curtiss Company and Glenn H. Curtiss.
November 16
Wright Company files a complaint against Curtiss Aeroplane Company for continuing to manufacture, use, and sell flying machines which infringe on Wright patent.

1915
April-May
Orville involved in patent infringement lawsuits.
August
In its 1914 annual report, the Smithsonian Institution states that Samuel P. Langley’s aerodrome was “the first aeroplane capable of sustained free flight with a man.” This statement leads to the controversy between Orville and the Smithsonian Institution that is not resolved until 1942.
October 15
Orville sells his interest in the Wright Company but serves as consulting engineer.

1916
August 7
Wright Company merges with Glenn L. Martin Company, becoming Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation. Orville serves as chief consultant engineer.

1917
Orville establishes Wright Aeronautical Laboratory in Dayton.
April 3
Bishop Milton Wright dies in Dayton.

1920
January 13
Orville gives depositions for patent lawsuits.
January 29
President Wilson appoints Orville a member of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. He serves until his death in 1948.
May 23
Wilbur and Orville’s brother Reuchlin Wright dies in Kansas City, Missouri.

1921
February 2
Orville gives depositions for patent lawsuits.

1925
January 20
Orville issued a patent for a mechanical toy. The toy is produced and sold by the Miami Specialty Wood Company in Dayton, of which Lorin Wright is president.
May
Orville and the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution publicly disagree over whether Samuel Langley’s Aerodrome or the Wrights’ airplane was the first capable of flight.

1926
November 20
Katharine Wright marries Henry J. Haskell.

1928
January 31
In response to the Smithsonian controversy, Orville ships the 1903 Wright airplane to the Science Museum in London, England, as a five-year loan.

1929
February 27
Distinguished Flying Crosses awarded to Orville and Wilbur presented to Orville by Secretary of War Dwight F. Davis.
March 3
Katharine Wright Haskell dies of pneumonia in Kansas City.

1932
November 19

Orville attends dedication of Kill Devil Hill National Memorial honoring the Wright brothers in Kitty Hawk.

**
1938
April 16**
Wright brothers’ home and bicycle shop, moved from Dayton to Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan, are dedicated as a memorial to the Wrights.

1939
December 1
Wilbur and Orville’s brother Lorin Wright dies in Dayton.

1940
July
1903 Wright airplane on exhibit at the Science Museum in London dismantled and packed away for safekeeping during World War II.
August 19
Wilbur and Orville Wright Memorial in Dayton and near Huffman Prairie, is dedicated.

1942
October 24
Smithsonian Institution publishes The 1914 Tests of the Langley “Aerodrome,” a brochure that apologizes for and retracts former statements about the precedence of the Langley machine, marking end of the Smithsonian-Wright controversy.

1944
Orville builds cypher machine for automatic selective coding of messages.
**
1948
January 30**
Orville dies of heart attack in Dayton.
November 22
1903 airplane arrives from the Science Museum in London and is delivered to Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Plane is formally presented to Smithsonian in a ceremony on December 17.

Week 2 — Rockets

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